Flooring and coverings that transform your spaces
Ceramics in construction
Ceramics is a material that has played a crucial role in architecture and design throughout history. Its versatility makes it suitable for both indoor and outdoor use.
Use of ceramics
Ceramics are used in multiple areas of construction. Ceramic materials are valued for their durability, aesthetics and easy maintenance. Among the most frequent applications are:
- Floors and coverings: They are widely used in kitchens and bathrooms, giving elegance and functionality to these spaces. Ceramic floors provide a wear-resistant and easy-to-clean solution, ideal for high-traffic areas.
- Decorative elements: Ceramics make it possible to create personalized designs, such as decorative tiles or countertops, which add a distinctive touch to interior spaces.
Evolution and innovation in ceramics
Over the years, ceramics have evolved considerably. Initially limited to handicrafts, today it is a dynamic sector that incorporates new technologies and innovative designs. Some highlights of this evolution are:
- New materials: The introduction of porcelain stoneware and other compositions have expanded the options available for different applications.
- Advanced technology: Digital reproduction and 3D printing allow for more complex and personalized designs.
- Imitation of natural materials: Currently, it is possible to create ceramics that perfectly simulate wood, stone or cement, offering the desired aesthetics with the durability that ceramics provide.
Ceramics is not only functional, but has also become an aesthetic option that adapts to contemporary trends, seeking harmony between design and practicality.
Types of ceramic floors and coverings
Ceramic floors and coverings are a versatile and aesthetic option for various applications in construction and decoration. Below are the different types that can be used on floors and walls.
They are very popular for their durability and ability to withstand heavy use. They are suitable for both interiors and exteriors, offering a wide range of designs and finishes.
- The tiles can have various textures, such as smooth, rough or matte, adapting to the desired decorative style.
- Ceramic floors and wall tiles are ideal for high-traffic areas such as hallways or living rooms.
- These materials are easy to clean and maintain, which contributes to their popularity among homeowners.
Porcelain stoneware
Porcelain stoneware is distinguished by its low porosity and high resistance to moisture, making it an excellent choice for a variety of applications.
- Properties: It is resistant to scratches, stains and extreme weather conditions.
- Designs: Available in a wide variety of colors and finishes, which allows you to create personalized environments.
- Applications: Ideal for indoor and outdoor spaces, including terraces, gardens and floor areas.
Indoor stoneware
Interior stoneware is designed specifically for use inside homes. It is characterized by its versatility and adaptability to various decorative styles.
- Formats and finishes: It is offered in large formats and various finishes, allowing for elegant and modern designs.
- Placement: Adapts well to different surfaces, facilitating effective installation.
- Recommended Areas: Ideal for kitchens, bathrooms and high traffic areas, as well as for living rooms and bedrooms.
Applications of porcelain stoneware
Porcelain stoneware is a versatile material used in a wide range of architectural and decorative applications. Its durability and resistance make it ideal for both interiors and exteriors.
Exterior coatings
Porcelain stoneware for outdoor spaces is an excellent solution for terraces, gardens and corridors. Its low porosity allows it to be resistant to moisture and climatic agents, remaining in good condition for years. In addition, this material offers excellent grip, which reduces the risk of slipping.
- Terraces: Porcelain stoneware tiles are ideal for terraces as they withstand wear and tear caused by human traffic and adverse weather conditions.
- Swimming pools: Can be used to cover areas around swimming pools. Their water resistance and non-slip texture make them a safe choice.
- Gardens: They are a popular choice for paths and walkways in gardens, providing a natural and elegant look to the landscape.
Indoor flooring and coverings
In interiors, porcelain stoneware offers a wide range of designs and finishes, allowing the creation of sophisticated and comfortable spaces. This material is very easy to maintain and clean, which makes it ideal for high-traffic areas such as kitchens and bathrooms.
- Kitchens: Porcelain stoneware tiles are perfect for wall and floor coverings in kitchens, stain resistant and easy to clean.
- Bathrooms: Its resistance to moisture makes it a popular choice for bathrooms, while maintaining a clean and modern look.
- Living rooms: They can be used in living rooms to create warm environments, with a wide variety of colors and textures available.
Flooring and wall coverings
Porcelain stoneware is also ideal for wall coverings, providing a clean aesthetic with its modern lines. This type of coating is not only attractive, but also offers functional advantages such as heat resistance and easy cleaning.
- Kitchen wall: They are frequently used as protectors against splashes of water and grease, as well as to provide a decorative touch.
- Bathrooms: Wall cladding in bathrooms with porcelain stoneware offers effective solutions against moisture and intensive use.
- Decorative wall: One of the most creative uses is in decorative walls, where various designs and textures can create a surprising visual impact.
The white and red pasta tiles
The white and red paste tiles are ceramic materials widely used in the decoration of interior spaces. Each type has different characteristics that influence its application and aesthetics in different environments.
Characteristics of white pasta
The white paste is characterized by its composition rich in clay and minerals, which results in a very smooth and shiny finish. Some of the most prominent features are:
- High transparency in the enamel layer, allowing a range of more vivid and brilliant colors.
- Moisture resistance, ideal for bathrooms and kitchens.
- Ease of cleaning due to its smooth surface.
- Durability, which allows it to remain in good condition for long periods.
This paste is suitable for applications in spaces where a high quality and aesthetic finish is required. White paste tiles are synonymous with modernity and elegance.
Use of red paste
Red pasta, on the other hand, is presented as a cheaper alternative. Its features include:
- Lower cost compared to white pulp, making it accessible for a variety of projects.
- Main uses in interior spaces such as living rooms and corridors, where the aesthetics are not so demanding.
- Less glossy finishes, often matte and with a more rustic look.
Although it can present limitations in terms of colors and finishes, red pasta is appreciated for its simplicity and warmth. It is an excellent option for areas with less exposure to moisture.
Comparison between pastas
Making a comparison between the two pastes is essential to determine which is the most suitable for each project. Here is a summary of the main differences between white pasta and red pasta:
- Aesthetics: White paste offers a much wider range of colors and glossy finishes, while red paste tends to be more rustic and matte.
- Price: Generally, red paste is cheaper, which can influence the decision on high-volume projects.
- Application: The white paste is ideal for humid areas and requires more care in its installation, while the red paste is used in less demanding spaces.
- Durability: The white paste, due to its composition, can offer better resistance to intensive use and adverse conditions.
The decision between using white or red paste depends on the specific needs of each project, as well as the desired aesthetic and available budget.
Realistic imitations
The realistic imitations in ceramics make it possible to achieve the appearance of other materials, bringing aesthetics and functionality to the space. These imitations are highly valued in modern designs, which seek warmth and authenticity without renouncing the advantages of ceramics.
Wood imitation
Wood-look tiles have gained popularity in recent decades. This type of ceramic offers the natural beauty of wood, with its warm textures and tones, without the limitations and complicated maintenance that real wood requires.
The advantages of imitation wood include:
- Durability: Unlike wood, ceramic does not easily damage or wear out with regular use.
- Moisture resistance: Ideal for spaces such as bathrooms and kitchens, where natural wood could deform.
- Variety of designs: There is a wide range of colors and finishes, which allow the tiles to be adapted to any decorative style.
Imitation of natural stone
Ceramics that simulate natural stone provide rustic and elegant looks to indoor and outdoor spaces. This type of coating is useful for creating cozy and natural environments, reminiscent of materials such as granite or marble.
Among the benefits of natural stone imitation, we can highlight:
- Attractive aesthetics: Offers the genuine appearance of stone without the associated high costs.
- Easy maintenance: They are easier to clean and maintain than real natural stone.
- Variety of formats: Available in different sizes and styles, which allow you to customize the spaces according to the needs of the project.
Cement imitation
Tiles that mimic cement have emerged as a prominent choice in contemporary decor. This material brings a modern, informal and industrial air to any space, being a perfect alternative to achieve a minimalist style.
Some of the advantages of using ceramics with a cement effect are:
- Versatility: They can be used both indoors and outdoors, adapting to different uses.
- Great resistance: Porcelain stoneware imitating cement offers high durability and resistance to wear.
- Ease of installation: Most cement look tiles are easy to install and require little maintenance.
Trends in ceramic decoration
In recent years, ceramic decoration has undergone a remarkable change in its trends. Innovation and customization are key, as well as the search for materials that improve the aesthetics of interior and exterior spaces.
Natural colors
Neutral and natural colors have become a favorite choice in interior design. Shades such as beige, soft gray and earthy browns bring warmth and serenity to any environment. This makes it possible to create spaces that convey tranquility, without being overwhelming.
These colors perfectly complement natural materials, such as wood and stone, increasing the feeling of harmony with nature. This results in spaces that provide rest and comfort, both for residences and for commercial spaces.
Large formats
Large format tiles have gained popularity for their ability to create a visually clean and continuous finish. These large dimensions reduce the number of visible joints, which contributes to a feeling of more space.
In addition, large formats facilitate installation, as fewer pieces are needed to cover a given surface area. This trend is particularly suitable for interior spaces such as living rooms and kitchens, as well as for terraces and gardens.
Design with special pieces
The design with special pieces is another prominent trend in ceramic decoration. These pieces allow the personalization of spaces, adding unique and distinctive details.
counters
Ceramic countertops are perfect for creating attractive surfaces in kitchens and bathrooms. Their diversity of designs and colors offers endless options when it comes to combining aesthetic appeal and functionality.
tights
Ceramic meshes are often used for decorative cladding, such as on modern or rustic looking walls. These pieces provide an interesting visual dynamic thanks to their shape and design, and can be used both indoors and outdoors.
borders
Borders are an excellent option for delimiting spaces or adding a decorative detail to a ceramic surface. These decorative lines are often used in bathrooms and kitchens, deepening the visual impact and providing a bright and careful finish.
moldings
Ceramic moldings allow the use of attractive capitals around columns or in window frames. They add a touch of sophistication and can complement any decorative style, from classic to contemporary.
Coatings for various spaces
Ceramic tiles are a versatile and aesthetically attractive solution for different types of spaces. These options are adapted to the particular needs of each environment, whether residential, commercial or industrial.
residences
In domestic environments, ceramic tiles offer the perfect combination of beauty and functionality. They are ideal for various rooms, including kitchens, bathrooms and living rooms. Their durability ensures that they remain in good condition over time, while their variety of designs allows them to be adapted to any decorative style. In addition, the ease of maintenance is one of the main advantages of these materials, since regular cleaning is simply required to preserve its original appearance.
Commercial spaces
Commercial premises should be designed with not only aesthetics in mind, but also functionality and resistance to heavy use. Ceramics are a popular choice in these contexts, as they allow for easy cleaning and offer a wide variety of attractive designs. Business owners value ceramic coverings that are able to withstand constant foot traffic, while also contributing to creating comfortable and welcoming environments for customers.
Industrial facilities
In the industrial sector, ceramic coatings are essential for work areas that require high hygiene and resistance. Their robust nature makes them ideal for facilities that operate under extreme conditions or require constant cleaning.
Resistance to extreme conditions
Ceramics used in industrial environments must be able to withstand extreme temperatures and chemicals. This results in a long useful life of the material, facilitating its application in various industries such as food, pharmaceutical or chemical. The material’s ability to withstand severe exposures ensures consistent performance in adverse conditions.
Use in high traffic environments
The ability of ceramic tiles to resist wear and tear is essential in high-traffic facilities. They are able to withstand weight and impacts without losing their aesthetic or functional properties. This makes them perfect for areas such as warehouses, workshops and logistics centers, where durability and safety are priorities.
Technical solutions for installation
The technical solutions for the installation of ceramic coverings are essential to guarantee the stability, durability and aesthetics of the spaces. Below are the key aspects to consider in this process.
Anchor system
The anchoring system is essential to ensure that the tiles or floor tiles adhere properly to the surface. This not only ensures their stability, but also prevents future loosening or damage. The main components to consider include:
- Adhesives: They must be selected depending on the type of ceramic and the surface to be coated. Cement-based adhesives are very common, as well as flexible adhesive masses that offer better insulation.
- Grout mortars: Essential for filling the joints between tiles. It is necessary to opt for grouting mortars that are resistant to humidity and temperature variations.
- Mechanical systems: Some coatings require mechanical anchoring systems, especially in places with high traffic loads or extreme conditions.
Placement techniques
The correct placement of the tiles is crucial for the aesthetics and functionality of the space. Below are the main techniques to apply:
- Preparation of the base: The surface must be clean, dry and free of defects. This is achieved by repairing any previous cracks or irregularities.
- Design planning: Before laying the tiles, it is recommended to make a plan to ensure that the desired lines and patterns are met.
- Horizontal and vertical placement: It is important to follow the reference lines to guarantee the correct alignment of the tiles, both in interior and exterior spaces.
- Use of spacers: They allow you to maintain a uniform separation between the tiles and ensure that the joints are perfectly aligned.
Insulation and aesthetics
Insulation is a key aspect in the installation of ceramics, as it can influence the temperature and acoustic comfort of the spaces. Therefore, it is important to consider the following factors:
- Thermal insulation: A layer of insulation must be installed if you want to improve energy efficiency. Insulation panels are a popular choice.
- Acoustic insulation: The selection of suitable materials can reduce the transmission of sound. This is essential in commercial and residential spaces.
- Aesthetic finishes: They are achieved through the selection of tiles with different finishes and colors, which contribute to the visual appeal of the finished project.
Proper maintenance of ceramic tiles is key to ensuring their durability and appearance. Good maintenance not only helps preserve aesthetics, but also extends the useful life of the materials used.
Maintenance of ceramic coatings
Recommended cleaning products
To keep ceramic tiles in optimal condition, it is essential to use cleaning products that do not damage their surface. The most recommended products are listed below:
- Neutral detergents: These are ideal because they wash without damaging the ceramics.
- Specific products for ceramics: There are cleaners designed especially for ceramic tiles that help remove stains and dirt without damaging the surface.
- Antimicrobial solutions: For spaces such as bathrooms and kitchens, it is recommended to use products that fight bacteria and fungi.
Techniques to prolong use
Applying regular maintenance techniques can help extend the life of ceramic tiles. Some of the most effective techniques are:
- Frequent cleanings: Carry out regular cleanings to remove accumulated dust and dirt.
- Avoiding abrasive products: Do not use strong elements that can scratch or damage the ceramic surface.
- Repair scratches immediately: It is important to fix any damage as soon as possible to prevent it from becoming bigger.
Cure for light and moisture
Light and humidity can affect the characteristics of ceramic tiles. Therefore, certain precautions must be taken into account:
- Protection against direct light: Avoid intense sunlight on ceramic surfaces to prevent discolouration.
- Humidity control: Use dehumidifiers or fans in areas with high humidity to ensure that the coatings do not suffer damage.
- Cleaning of moisture stains: If moisture stains appear, clean them immediately to prevent them from being imprinted on the ceramic.
Coating in bathrooms and showers
The coating in bathrooms and showers is essential to guarantee a functional and aesthetic space. Ceramic tiles are an ideal solution, as they offer a wide variety of designs and technical characteristics that make them perfect for the humidity of these environments.
White paste tiles
The white paste tiles are highly appreciated for their quality and technical characteristics. They are made with a highly pure raw material, which gives them a clean and smooth finish. This type of tile is particularly recommended for wet areas such as bathrooms and showers, as they have a high resistance to moisture. In addition, its surface allows for easy cleaning, maintaining appropriate hygienic conditions.
Moisture resistance
One of the most prominent advantages of ceramic tiles is their ability to resist moisture. These tiles are designed to withstand conditions of extreme humidity, which makes them ideal for use in bathrooms and showers. Features that ensure this resistance include:
- Low Porosity: High quality ceramic tiles have very low porosity, preventing water absorption.
- Enamel finishes: many models include an enamel coating that prevents water seepage and makes cleaning easier.
- Durability: they are resistant to thermal stress and corrosion, which prolongs their useful life in humid environments.
Therefore, when choosing tiles for bathrooms and showers, it is essential to look for products that offer this resistance and are specifically designed for these conditions.
Styles for modern bathrooms
Bathroom design has evolved dramatically in recent years, and ceramic tiles have adapted to this trend. Today, there is a wide range of styles available that can transform a bathroom into a modern and welcoming space. Some of the more popular styles include:
- Minimalist style: Characterized by clean lines and neutral colors, this style seeks simplicity and elegance.
- Rustic style: tiles that imitate wood or natural stone bring a warm and cozy touch to the bathroom.
- Contemporary style: large-format tiles and geometric designs help create futuristic and attractive spaces.
- Vintage style: tiles with retro decorative patterns are perfect for those looking for a touch of personality in their bathroom.
These styles make it possible to adapt the aesthetics of the bathroom to personal preferences, creating unique environments adapted to the needs of the users.
Flooring and coverings for kitchens
Ceramic flooring and wall tiles are an ideal solution for kitchens, combining aesthetics and functionality. They provide a resistant and easy-to-maintain base, adapting to different decorative styles.
Indoor stoneware in kitchens
Indoor stoneware is one of the materials most used in the design of modern kitchens. It offers a wide variety of colors, models and finishes, allowing the space to be customized according to user preferences. It is distinguished by its high resistance to impact, moisture and high temperatures, which makes it ideal for a space that often experiences temperature changes and exposure to stains.
In addition, stoneware can have a smooth or rough finish, allowing you to choose according to the desired functionality and decorative style. In laying systems, it is recommended to use large formats that reduce visible joints, thus contributing to a cleaner and more modern appearance.
Hygiene and ease of cleaning
Hygiene is a fundamental aspect in any kitchen. Indoor stoneware is not only easy to clean, but is also a non-porous material that does not absorb stains or odors, reducing the risk of bacterial growth.
To keep the coatings in perfect condition, it is enough to use warm water and neutral soap. This greatly facilitates its daily cleaning, thus avoiding harsh chemicals that can deteriorate the surface. Ceramic tiles maintain the same appearance over time, making them a sustainable choice for modern homes.
Design combinations
The versatility of stoneware allows you to create really attractive design combinations. Users can opt for monochromatic designs or incorporate various colors and textures to generate visual contrasts. Hexagon-shaped tiles, for example, offer a contemporary look that fits perfectly with today’s trends.
When selecting the covering, it is essential to consider the kitchen furniture, as well as the colors and materials that will be used in other decorative elements. In this way, a harmonization can be achieved between all the components of the space.
- Bright colors for a dynamic atmosphere.
- Natural textures to add warmth.
- Geometric patterns for a touch of modernity.
Coatings in outdoor areas and gardens
Ceramic tiles for outdoor areas and gardens are essential for creating pleasant and functional spaces. Below are the different types of siding available and the specific considerations that must be taken into account to ensure durability and aesthetic appeal.
Porcelain stoneware for garden
Porcelain stoneware is an ideal material for gardens and outdoor areas thanks to its great resistance and versatility. This type of ceramic is impenetrable by water, which prevents the growth of moss and moss. This makes it perfect for spaces with high exposure to moisture.
In addition, porcelain stoneware offers a wide variety of finishes and designs that imitate natural materials, such as wood or stone. This allows the coverings to integrate harmoniously into the environment, adding an aesthetic touch to the garden. Its technical characteristics make it resistant to impacts, scratches and temperature changes, which makes it a perfect choice for pavements on terraces and paths.
Exterior wall cladding
Cladding exterior walls with ceramic can completely transform the appearance of an exterior space. Ceramic tiles not only provide an attractive appearance, but also protect the walls from inclement weather, preventing moisture and wear problems.
The wall covering options are diverse and include tiles that simulate natural stone, giving a rustic and welcoming air. Brightly colored ceramics bring freshness and vitality to the exterior, while neutral shades bring a sense of tranquility.
Climatic considerations
The climate of the area is an essential factor to consider when choosing the coverings. In areas with extreme temperatures, it is advisable to select ceramics that have a high resistance to heat and cold, to ensure their durability over time.
In addition, it is recommended to opt for materials with a low coefficient of thermal expansion to avoid deformations. Likewise, in regions with high rainfall, it is important to consider adequate drainage and the installation of non-slip tiles to ensure the safety of users.
To conclude, the selection of coverings for outdoor areas and gardens must be done with both aesthetics and functionality in mind. Ceramics offers diverse solutions that help create unique and lasting spaces.
Special pieces
The special pieces are ceramic elements designed to bring functionality and aesthetics to the space. With a wide variety of shapes and applications, these pieces can transform the use of ceramic materials in any project.
Handrails and plinths
Handrails and plinths are indispensable parts in the installation of ceramic coverings. These parts not only serve for protection, but also contribute to the visual finish of a room.
- Handrails: They are used mainly in stairs and transition areas to offer better security. They are designed to be comfortable to the touch and to fit perfectly with the wall covering.
- Plinths: They provide a visual separation between the floor and the wall, helping to protect the walls from damage caused by moisture or impact. In addition, they can be chosen in various colors and finishes that adapt to the style of the space.
Swimming pool crowns
Swimming pool crowns are pieces specially designed for application around swimming pools. These elements must be resistant to water and weather.
- Functionality: Its design helps to avoid slipping in wet areas, providing a safe surface for users.
- Design: They are available in a wide range of styles and colors to match the overall design of the pool and garden, adding aesthetic value to the site.
Decorative applications
Special pieces are also perfect for decorative applications, adding a distinctive touch to the space. These pieces are ideal for personalizing any environment.
- Countertops: Used as decoration on walls, these elements can have intricate designs that bring a unique character.
- Meshes: Used in contemporary designs, ceramic meshes can offer a sense of lightness and innovation among traditional forms.
- Borders: These decorative strips are used to embellish transitions between different coverings, creating an elegant visual effect.
- Mouldings: They bring the fruit of creativity to decorative editions, allowing the customization of shapes and patterns that will give a special look to the space.
Advantages of ceramics for walls
Ceramics offers multiple advantages as a wall covering material. It stands out for its aesthetics, durability and ease of maintenance, which makes it an ideal choice for various spaces.
Aesthetics and functionality
One of the main attractions of ceramics is its ability to beautify any space. Ceramic tiles are available in a wide variety of designs, colors and textures, allowing the creation of personalized environments. This makes them suitable for:
- Modern kitchens with glossy finishes.
- Bathrooms that need a clean and refined look.
- Living spaces looking for a touch of warmth and elegance.
In addition, ceramics combine aesthetics with functionality, since it is a moisture-resistant material, facilitating its application in areas with high exposure to water.
Durability and resistance
Ceramics have been designed to withstand the passage of time. It has remarkable durability and is resistant to:
- Physical impacts, such as knocks and scratches.
- Adverse weather conditions, such as humidity or temperature changes.
- Chemical factors, allowing its application in areas where stains or spills can occur.
Its resistance makes it a perfect choice for both interiors and exteriors, ensuring that spaces maintain their appearance for many years.
Ease of maintenance
One of the great advantages of ceramic is its minimal care and maintenance. Ceramic surfaces are easy to clean and do not require special products. Common household cleaning products are sufficient to maintain its original appearance.
Some highlights about ceramic maintenance include:
- It does not absorb stains, which makes it easy to clean up immediately in case of spills.
- Resists the use of typical cleaning agents, without damaging the surface.
- Its smooth texture prevents the accumulation of dirt and facilitates regular cleaning.
The durability and aesthetics of ceramics allow you to enjoy attractive spaces without the commitment of excessive dedication to their maintenance.
Considerations when choosing ceramic coatings
When choosing ceramic tiles, it is essential to consider several factors to ensure that the selected material is properly adapted to the needs of the project. Likewise, the quality requirements are decisive for the durability and performance of the material.
UNE-EN ISO Quality Standards
The UNE-EN ISO standards are essential references in the ceramic industry. These standards establish the quality standards that ceramic materials must meet, ensuring that they will offer the expected level of strength and durability.
- Scratch and wear resistance.
- Impermeability and moisture resistance.
- Dimensional stability against temperature changes.
- Specific regulations for different types of ceramics.
Compliance with these standards ensures that ceramic tiles are suitable for a variety of applications and environments, helping to prevent future problems related to their installation or performance.
Adaptation to the needs of the project
It is crucial that the ceramic coverings chosen are adapted to the specifics of the project. Some questions to consider may be:
- What type of use will the space have (residential, commercial, industrial)?
- What environmental conditions will prevail (humidity, extreme temperature)?
- How much traffic is expected at the installation site?
Additionally, it is important to assess the decorative style you want to achieve, as well as personal preferences. Ceramics offer a wide variety of colors, textures and finishes. This makes it possible to achieve a unique aesthetic, which at the same time satisfies the functional needs of the project.
Resistance to impacts and adverse climates
Resistance is one of the main advantages of ceramics as a cladding material. It is vital to ensure that the type of ceramic selected can withstand impacts and adverse weather conditions. Aspects to consider include:
- Ability to withstand sudden changes in temperature.
- Durability against mechanical impacts.
- Resistance to oxidation and chemical products.
The selection of the right material will ensure that the investment made has a long useful life, thus avoiding the need for frequent replacements that could be costly and inconvenient. The correct assessment of the resistance of the material is crucial to ensure its functionality in real situations of use.